High ambient temperatures limit this system. See the Walnut Research Report for information on pneumatic excavation. Using compressed air to remove soil away from the crown of a tree, in preparation for treating crown galls.
Photo: J. Once crown galls are exposed, removing the gall and the bark tissue surrounding the gall is the most effective treatment currently available. Treatments that kill or remove the bark surrounding the gall result in very good control.
Research has shown that careful surgery is very effective. Applying liquid treatments did not improve control and may have reduced control by not allowing cuts to dry.
Every gall is different and requires innovation and tenacity to eliminate. Soil removed from the crown of a walnut tree in preparation for treating crown galls. The best strategy is to use a hatchet and chisel, a sharp knife and a propane torch.
The hatchet and chisel are used to remove the bulk of the gall tissue. This does not help control but it makes it easier to perform surgery around the gall. Use the propane torch to heat and sterilize the knife then cut and remove a one inch ring of bark from around the gall.
There are no reliable lists of cultivars with resistance that hold up in all geographic locations. It is better to select plants that are not susceptible in the first place if crown gall is a chronic problem in a particular field. Using A.
Strain K84 produces a toxin against some tumorigenic strains of agrobacteria. This biological control is solely preventive, not curative; application timing is critical to properly protect plant wounds caused at harvest or by pruning.
Htay and Kerr recommend seed and root treatment with K84 for best results. Not all strains of tumorigenic agrobacteria are sensitive to K For example, most agrobacteria isolated from grape tumors are A. If K84 has been used properly and galling persists, its use should be discontinued since it is likely the bacteria present are not sensitive to the product. An improved, genetically engineered strain of K84 called K is available.
Its use is preferable, since the K bacteria are not capable of transferring to other bacteria the genes that produce the toxin. Biological control is compatible with a few pesticides such as metalaxy Ridomil , thiram and thiophanate-methyl Topsin but not with captan, etridiazole alone Truban , etridiazole plus thiophanate-methyl Banrot or Zyban , mancozeb, PCNB or streptomycin.
It is also not compatible with chlorinated water. No registered chemicals that effectively control crown gall are currently available in the United States. In general, chemical preplant dips or soil drenches have been ineffective. Fumigation to rid soil of Agrobacterium generally has been ineffective, and in some cases, growers reported more disease after fumigation. Heat therapy has been tried in cherry and plum seedlings, and in dormant grape cuttings.
Although these measures can reduce the incidence of disease, there will still be a small percentage of plants that remain infected. Time and temperatures needed for effective heat therapy has not been determined for many plants, and injury to the plant material can occur when temperatures are too high.
Although promising, heat therapy is not commonly used due to these difficulties. In solarization, a thin plastic film is stretched over moist soil to capture energy from the sun and heat the soil to temperatures that kill pathogenic microbes. Populations of tumorigenic agrobacteria could not be detected in a solarized sandy loam soil, but solarization did not work in the heavier silty-loam.
Mazzard cherry seedlings planted later in solarized and in nonsolarized control plots developed crown gall only in the nonsolarized plots. Following is a summary of the best practices for managing crown gall. They include experimental results and grower observations. Understandably, physical and economic constraints occasionally may impede applying all these practices. But for best results, follow or adapt the procedures as closely as possible to fit your management plan.
The following are specific procedures for commonly grown plants that can be used in addition to the above general procedures. Apply to seed, bare roots, and aboveground grafts.
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